Difference between revisions of "Solar integration guidelines in milk production"
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− | [[Solar application for cleaning]] | + | {| class="wikitable" |
+ | !colspan="6"|[[Solar application for cleaning]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===DRYING=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|[[Solar application for drying]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===EVAPORATION AND DISTILLATION=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====Evaporation==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | |[[File:Dealcoholization.jpg]] | ||
+ | |Example how to integrate solar heat for dealcoholization of beer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dealcoholization processes are necessary to meet the growingmarketfor non-alcoholic(<0.05% by volume) andlow-alcoholic beer (<0.5% by volume). In addition to arrested fermentation andreverse osmosis, there are also thermal processesto producenon-alcoholic beers. However, notall breweries producenon-alcoholic beer. Dealcoholization processes are often foundinlarge breweries. The installations areusually designed with relatively low production capacities to maintain long and constant operation times. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Typical installations used for thermaldealcoholizationare rectification columns,thin film- andfalling film evaporators.Rectification columnsandfalling film evaporatorsare usually designed in multi-stage. Based on the sensitive product characteristics, the evaporator is operated with slight vaccum (both, product andheating side). Thereby thedealcoholizationoccursat low temperatures. Usually saturated steam atabout 60 °C is used as heating medium. | ||
+ | |||
+ | A heating systemconsistingof aconventionalheatedstorage, asolar heat exchangeranda vacuum pump are required to assist the dealcoholization process with solar energy.As shown in Figure 9, solar heat is used to preheat the condensate return. In case of insufficient solar irradiation, the condensate temperature can be increased with the conventional heated storage. Due to the illustrated bypass it is possible to use solar heatalready for the start up the plant. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|Source: Schmitt, B., 2014. Integration of solar heating plants for supply of process heat in industrial companies (in German language), Dissertation University of Kassel, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|[[Solar application for evaporation and distillation]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===PASTEURIZATION=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | |[[File:PL_E_IC.jpg]] | ||
+ | |Example how to integrate solar heat for flash pasteurization. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Flash pasteurization takes place before the bottling of beer. Usually multi-zone plate heat exchangers are used for flash pasteurization. They can have an internal or external heating and heat retention section. Within the first section, the beer is recuperativelypreheated in counter flow by already pasteurized beer. Within the second section of the multi-zone heat exchanger, the beer is heated to pasteurization temperature by a hot water circuit. This additional hot water circuit is heated with steam or pressurized hot water. This is necessary to ensure a gentle heating of the product. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Solar heat has to be integrated to the water circuit prior to the conventional heating.Flash pasteurization systems with external heat exchangers as shown in the figure can be easily supplied with solar heat, since the piping is usually accessible. Water with approximately 70..75 °C leaves the heating sectionduring operation, is heated by solar energy, and if necessary with steam in the external heat exchanger by 3..4 K. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[File:Tunnel_pasteurizer.jpg]] | ||
+ | |Example how to integrate solar heat for a tunnel pasteurizer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Tunnel pasteurizers are often used in larger breweries. The filled bottles are transported on wide conveyor belts (sometimes on several floors) through the machine while they are sprayed with water. The bottles are preheated by passing several temperature zones within the first section of the tunnel pasteurizer. Within the middle section they are heated up to pasteurization temperature and kept at this temperature for a defined time. The bottles are cooled downwithin the last section. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Usually, tunnel pasteurizers have an internal heat recovery. The water that is heated within the recooling zone by the pasteurized bottles is used within the first section to preheat the bottles that enter the tunnel pasteurizer. Only the middle section with the highest temperature level has to be heated conventional. Therefore, one or more external heat exchangers are usually installed. The overall heating demand of tunnel pasteurizers consists of three parts:Heat is required to heat all baths to the required temperature before production. Since there is no heat recovery between the equivalent zones,the maximum power requirement occurs during start-up. In stationary mode of operation the heat demand is limited to increase the temperature of the bottles by approximately 10..15 K within the middle section. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Usually, the baths of the different temperature zones are heated externally. In this case, solar heat can be used to increase the return temperature as shown in the figure. New systems can be equipped with a multi-zone heat exchanger for solar and conventional heating. Due to evaporation and carryover, there is an additional demand of fresh water (up to 20 ml per bottle), which can also be heated by solar energy. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|Source: Schmitt, B., 2014. Integration of solar heating plants for supply of process heat in industrial companies (in German language), Dissertation University of Kassel, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|[[Solar application for pasteurization]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===STERILIZATION=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[File:Sterilization.jpg]] | ||
+ | |Example how to integrate solar heat for sterilization of milk (UHT Processing). | ||
+ | |||
+ | For UHT Processing steam is injected into milk to heat it up to sterilization temperature (> 135 °C). Following, the milk-steam-mixture is fed into an expansion vessel to remove separate steam and milk. Solar heat can be used to preheat the milk before steam injection. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[File:PL_E_PM_autoclave.jpg]] | ||
+ | |Example how to integrate solar heat for sterilization of canned food via autoclaves. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Within the conventional system the water of the autoclave is heated by steam injection and fed back into the autoclave. The water flow can be separated and partially heated by solar energy to reduce the conventional steam demand for the sterilization process. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|Source: Schmitt, B., 2014. Integration of solar heating plants for supply of process heat in industrial companies (in German language), Dissertation University of Kassel, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|[[Solar application for sterilization]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===GENERAL PROCESS HEATING=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====Boiler feed-water preheating==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | !colspan="6"|[[Solar application for general process heating]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===COOLING PROCESSES=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====Cooling, chilling and cold stabilization==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | =====Solar Powered Refrigeration===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Solar powered refrigeration systems capable of providing temperatures as low as -23°C have been demonstrated. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | =====(Solar driven) ejector refrigeration System ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ejector or jet pump refrigeration is a thermally driven technology that has been used for cooling applications for many years. In their present state of development they have a much lower COP than vapour compression systems but offer advantages of simplicity and no moving parts. Their greatest advantage is their capability to produce refrigeration using waste heat or solar energy as a heat source at temperatures above 80°C. Applications in the food sector will be primarily in areas where waste heat is available to drive the ejector system. Such applications can be found in food processing factories where the ejector refrigeration system can be used for product and process cooling and transport refrigeration. Other possible application is in tri-generation where the ejector refrigeration system can be used in conjunction with combined heat and power systems to provide cooling. | ||
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*Case studies | *Case studies | ||
**[[Media: BPE_NEP.pdf|NEP]] | **[[Media: BPE_NEP.pdf|NEP]] | ||
+ | |||
Back to [[Subsection DA food|EFFICENCY FINDER OF FOOD INDUSTRY]] | Back to [[Subsection DA food|EFFICENCY FINDER OF FOOD INDUSTRY]] |
Latest revision as of 19:41, 4 March 2015
Back to EFFICENCY FINDER OF FOOD INDUSTRY
Contents
CLEANING
Cleaning of bottles and cases
Cleaning of production halls and equipment
Solar application for cleaning |
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DRYING
Solar application for drying |
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EVAPORATION AND DISTILLATION
Evaporation
Solar application for evaporation and distillation |
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PASTEURIZATION
Solar application for pasteurization |
---|
STERILIZATION
Solar application for sterilization |
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GENERAL PROCESS HEATING
Boiler feed-water preheating
Solar application for general process heating |
---|
COOLING PROCESSES
Cooling, chilling and cold stabilization
Solar Powered Refrigeration
Solar powered refrigeration systems capable of providing temperatures as low as -23°C have been demonstrated.
(Solar driven) ejector refrigeration System
Ejector or jet pump refrigeration is a thermally driven technology that has been used for cooling applications for many years. In their present state of development they have a much lower COP than vapour compression systems but offer advantages of simplicity and no moving parts. Their greatest advantage is their capability to produce refrigeration using waste heat or solar energy as a heat source at temperatures above 80°C. Applications in the food sector will be primarily in areas where waste heat is available to drive the ejector system. Such applications can be found in food processing factories where the ejector refrigeration system can be used for product and process cooling and transport refrigeration. Other possible application is in tri-generation where the ejector refrigeration system can be used in conjunction with combined heat and power systems to provide cooling.
- Case studies